Thailand-Cambodia Clash 2025: Border War & Temple Dispute

1. Introduction: Southeast Asia on Edge

In July 2025, tensions along the Thailand-Cambodia border exploded into one of the most serious military confrontations the region has seen in years. What began as a long-standing disagreement over an ancient temple has now escalated into deadly clashes involving airstrikes, rocket fire, and growing casualties on both sides. Dozens of soldiers have been reported dead, villages have been hit, and families near the border are fleeing for safety.

At the heart of the conflict is the Preah Vihear Temple—a centuries-old Hindu temple that both countries claim as their own. While international courts awarded the temple to Cambodia decades ago, the surrounding land has remained disputed, and tensions have simmered under the surface ever since.

Now, those tensions have boiled over. With both countries blaming each other for firing first and national pride on the line, this conflict is no longer just about a temple—it’s about territory, politics, and power.

In this blog, we’ll break down the history behind the dispute, what triggered the current fighting, the political games fueling it, and what could happen next. Whether you’re new to the issue or following it closely, this guide will give you a clear, fact-based look at the Thailand–Cambodia border crisis of 2025.

2. Historical Roots of the Conflict

A Temple with Shared History but Divided Ownership

The Preah Vihear Temple is a stunning 11th-century Hindu shrine built by the Khmer Empire, sitting atop a cliff on the Dangrek mountain range. Though the temple itself lies right on the border between Thailand and Cambodia, both nations see it as a symbol of their ancient culture and pride. For Cambodians, it’s a reminder of the glory of the Angkor Empire. For many Thais, it’s a sacred site closely tied to their own heritage.

This shared sense of ownership is part of what has made the temple such a sensitive issue. While tourists once visited the site freely, the peaceful image has often masked the deep tension brewing beneath.

The 1962 Court Ruling That Changed Everything

In 1962, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) stepped in to settle the dispute. It ruled that the temple itself belongs to Cambodia, basing its decision largely on a map drawn by French colonial authorities in the early 1900s. Thailand accepted the ruling at the time—but with a catch.

While Cambodia was granted ownership of the temple, the surrounding 4.6 square kilometers of land remained contested. Thailand argued that this land was not part of the ruling and that the “natural watershed”—the dividing line of the mountains—should define the border. Cambodia, on the other hand, relied on the old colonial maps, which placed the land in its territory.

This legal grey area has been the root cause of tension ever since.

Past Clashes That Set the Stage

The border has flared up before. From 2008 to 2011, both countries engaged in small but deadly skirmishes. Soldiers exchanged gunfire, artillery rounds were fired, and civilians on both sides were forced to evacuate. Temples near the border—like Ta Moan Thom and Ta Krabey—also became battlegrounds.

Although a fragile peace returned for a while, the core issues were never truly resolved. Both sides maintained a strong military presence near the temple, and nationalist politics often turned the temple into a political tool.

The current 2025 conflict is not sudden. It’s the result of decades of unresolved history, legal ambiguity, and rising nationalist sentiment in both nations.

2. Timeline of the 2025 Border Clash

The Thailand–Cambodia conflict in 2025 didn’t erupt overnight. It followed months of tension and a series of events that slowly built up pressure between the two neighbors. Here’s how things escalated:

March 2025—Trouble Begins Over Temple Ceremonies

It all started in March when Cambodia held a large ceremony at Preah Vihear Temple to celebrate an anniversary. Thailand accused Cambodia of trying to assert full control over the disputed area through this event. Thai officials saw the ceremony as provocative, while Cambodia insisted it was just a cultural celebration. Tensions quietly rose, with both sides increasing their troop presence in the area.

May 2025 – First Casualty in the Disputed Zone

In May, a Cambodian soldier was shot and killed near the disputed zone. Cambodia blamed Thai snipers for the incident, but Thailand denied responsibility. The death sparked public outrage in Cambodia, and anti-Thai protests began to spread in border towns. Leaders from both sides traded strong words, and any remaining trust between them started to fade.

June 2025 – Thai Construction Near Ta Moan Thom

In June, Thailand began building infrastructure—including roads and outposts—near the Ta Moan Thom temple, another sensitive site along the border. Cambodia claimed the construction was happening inside disputed territory. In response, Cambodia sent reinforcements. Thai officials said the work was within their borders, but satellite images showed military buildup on both sides.

July 1 – Thai PM Suspended Over Leaked Call

A major political twist came on July 1 when a recorded phone call between Thai officials and former Cambodian PM Hun Sen was leaked. The call suggested backdoor negotiations about the temple area. The Thai Prime Minister was suspended, leading to political instability in Bangkok. Some claimed the army was using the conflict to distract from domestic problems.

July 24–26 – Full-Blown Fighting and Airstrikes

By late July, the situation exploded. From July 24 to 26, both sides launched airstrikes, rocket attacks, and ground assaults. Cambodian officials claimed that Thai fighter jets bombed a Cambodian outpost. Thailand said it was responding to a Cambodian rocket barrage. The fighting led to dozens of military deaths and injuries, and more than 10,000 civilians fled their homes near the border.

This timeline shows that the current war isn’t just about territory—it’s a mix of politics, military pressure, and decades of unresolved tension.

4. Military Moves: Who Struck First?

The fighting between Thailand and Cambodia in 2025 involves more than just words—both sides have used serious military force, making it one of the most dangerous clashes in years. But the big question on everyone’s mind is: Who fired the first shot?

Weapons on Both Sides

Thailand’s military is better equipped with modern weapons. They used US-made F-16 fighter jets to launch airstrikes targeting Cambodian military positions. On the ground, they have battle tanks, artillery, and attack helicopters.

Cambodia, although less well-armed, fired BM-21 multiple rocket launchers—powerful truck-mounted weapons that can rain down rockets over a wide area. Cambodia also has tanks and older Soviet and Chinese-made guns, but their air force is very limited.

Troop Positions and Strategy

Both armies have massed troops along the disputed border areas, especially near key temples like Preah Vihear and Ta Moan Thom. The terrain favors Cambodia because much of the fighting happens close to their side of the border, giving them easier access to supply lines and cover.

Thailand, with its superior air force, seems to be focusing on long-range strikes and air superiority, trying to weaken Cambodian defenses from the sky. Cambodia relies more on ground forces and rocket artillery to hold their positions.

Who Fired First?

Both sides blame each other for starting the conflict. Thailand says Cambodia fired first with rocket attacks on Thai positions. Cambodia accuses Thailand of aggressive airstrikes and landmine planting. With each side pointing fingers, it’s hard to say who really sparked the fighting.

Cambodia Appeals to the UN, Thailand Pushes for Military Solutions

Cambodia has called on the United Nations Security Council to intervene, describing Thailand’s attacks as “unprovoked aggression.” Thailand, on the other hand, insists on settling the dispute through bilateral talks but maintains it will defend its sovereignty with force if needed.

How Serious Is This Escalation?

This conflict marks a sharp rise in violence compared to previous border skirmishes. The use of fighter jets and heavy rocket launchers shows the situation is far more dangerous than a simple border dispute. Both countries have mobilized thousands of troops, making the risk of a wider war in Southeast Asia real. The international community is watching closely, hoping for a peaceful end before more lives are lost.

5. Political Undercurrents Fueling the Fire

The fighting between Thailand and Cambodia isn’t just about land or temples. Politics on both sides are adding fuel to the fire—especially in 2025, when both countries are facing leadership challenges and rising nationalism.

Thailand’s Internal Political Crisis

In Thailand, Prime Minister Paetongtarn Shinawatra was suspended in early July after a leaked phone call suggested secret talks with former Cambodian leader Hun Sen. Her removal shocked the country and created a power vacuum. The Thai military, which still holds major influence behind the scenes, stepped in to shape foreign policy. Many believe the military used the border conflict to shift attention from domestic issues and restore its image as a protector of the nation.

Cambodia’s Leadership Shift

In Cambodia, Hun Manet, the son of long-time ruler Hun Sen, took office in 2023. Although Hun Sen remains active behind the scenes, critics question whether the younger Hun has enough control over the army and public trust. With anti-Thai sentiment rising, Hun Manet is under pressure to act tough and prove himself a strong national leader.

Nationalism and Power Politics

Both governments are using nationalism to rally support. Leaders from both countries have made public speeches claiming to “defend the motherland.” With upcoming elections and growing unrest, the border war gives politicians a way to boost popularity. Symbols like the Preah Vihear Temple are powerful tools for uniting citizens—but they also inflame emotions and hatred.

Energy Deals Collapse

Tensions have also ruined progress on joint oil and gas exploration in the Gulf of Thailand. The two countries were close to finalizing agreements that could bring billions in revenue. Now, those talks have frozen. The collapse of economic cooperation makes the situation even more unstable.

In short, political drama on both sides has turned a long-standing dispute into a dangerous and complex war.

6. Preah Vihear Temple: Why It’s More Than Stone

The Preah Vihear Temple isn’t just a pile of ancient rocks—it’s a deeply meaningful symbol for both Thailand and Cambodia. Built in the 11th century by the Khmer Empire, this stunning Hindu temple sits high on a cliff along the Dangrek Mountains, overlooking Cambodia’s northern plains.

For Cambodians, it represents their rich cultural heritage and the glory of the ancient Angkor civilization. It’s a sacred space, a source of pride, and a national treasure. For Thais, it also holds deep spiritual value, with many Thais believing it forms part of their cultural identity, especially since the region was once part of Siam’s historical influence.

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In 2008, the United Nations declared Preah Vihear a UNESCO World Heritage Site, officially recognizing its historical and cultural importance. While Cambodia celebrated the listing, many in Thailand saw it as a diplomatic defeat, especially since the surrounding land remains disputed.

Because of this, the temple has become a powerful symbol of sovereignty for both nations. It’s more than just territory—it’s about national dignity. That’s why both countries are willing to go to great lengths, even war, to protect what they see as rightfully theirs.

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This isn’t the first time a temple has caused tensions. In past flare-ups, other temples like Ta Moan Thom and Ta Krabey—also along the border—have seen gunfire, shelling, and military standoffs. For both Thailand and Cambodia, temples aren’t just places of worship. They are frontline symbols of history, honor, and identity.

7. Regional & International Reactions

As the Thailand–Cambodia border conflict worsens, the world is watching—but doing little to stop it. The response from regional and global powers has been mixed, with many calling for calm, but few taking real action.

ASEAN’s Weak Response

The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) issued a formal statement urging both sides to show restraint and return to peaceful dialogue. However, ASEAN has a long history of avoiding intervention in internal or bilateral disputes. Its non-interference policy means it lacks the power—or will—to mediate seriously.

Cambodia Goes to the UN

In response to the airstrikes and rocket attacks, Cambodia appealed to the United Nations Security Council, accusing Thailand of violating its sovereignty. So far, the UN has not taken strong action. Still, the move puts international pressure on Thailand and could lead to further discussions in New York if violence continues.

The ICJ’s Past Role

Back in 2013, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) clarified that Cambodia held sovereignty over the temple itself and called on Thailand to withdraw troops. But it did not settle the 4.6 sq km of surrounding land, which remains the heart of the dispute. If either country pushes for a new ruling, the ICJ could step in again.

Global Powers: China & the U.S.

China, a key partner to both sides, has remained mostly silent—likely avoiding any move that could damage its influence in the region. Meanwhile, the United States, which uses Thai airbases under military agreements, has called for peace but also has strategic reasons to stay on Thailand’s good side.

Humanitarian Concerns

Groups like the Red Cross and Human Rights Watch (HRW) have raised alarms about civilian deaths, displaced villagers, and damage to heritage sites. With hundreds already fleeing the conflict zones, the humanitarian cost could rise quickly if diplomacy fails.

8. Human Cost & Humanitarian Crisis

While military leaders argue over borders and sovereignty, it’s ordinary people who are paying the highest price. The 2025 border clashes between Thailand and Cambodia have already caused dozens of civilian deaths, including women and children. Thousands have fled their homes in fear, seeking safety far from the frontline.

Entire villages near Preah Vihear and Ta Moan Thom have been damaged by artillery fire and airstrikes. Reports confirm that some UNESCO-listed heritage sites have suffered collateral damage, sparking global concern. Many locals now live without access to clean water, food, or electricity.

Emergency response teams from both countries have tried to set up temporary shelters, but the crisis is growing faster than they can manage. Roads are blocked, and aid deliveries are delayed by the ongoing fighting. International humanitarian organizations, including the Red Cross, have stepped in—but access remains limited.

Despite the danger, people on the ground are doing what they can: hiding in forests, evacuating children, and clinging to hope. Some border communities have organized makeshift relief centers, relying on local solidarity to survive. As the situation drags on, the need for a peaceful resolution becomes more urgent—not just for diplomacy, but for humanity.

9. What Happens Next: 4 Possible Scenarios

The border fighting between Thailand and Cambodia is at a dangerous tipping point. While both sides claim to want peace, their actions suggest otherwise. Here are four possible outcomes—from worst-case to best-case—and a look at what’s most likely based on current trends.

Full-Blown War

If tensions continue to rise, especially with both countries trading airstrikes and rocket fire, the conflict could escalate into a larger war. That might involve full military mobilization, cross-border invasions, and hundreds—or even thousands—of casualties. Given the presence of modern weapons like F-16 jets and long-range rockets, this would be devastating for both nations and the region.

Likelihood: Medium, if diplomacy fails and political pressure keeps rising.

ASEAN-Brokered Ceasefire

This is the most hopeful outcome. ASEAN could step in to mediate a ceasefire, as it did during previous standoffs between the two nations. While ASEAN lacks enforcement power, it can bring both sides to the negotiating table. Cambodia and Thailand have responded to ASEAN pressure before, especially when economic ties are at risk.

Likelihood: Medium-High, especially if international and business pressure increases.

ICJ Re-engagement

Either side could ask the International Court of Justice to re-open the case and settle the issue of the 4.6 sq km disputed land. A new ruling would take time, but it could provide a legal framework for peace. However, both nations would have to agree to accept the outcome.

Likelihood: Low, unless both governments face domestic or diplomatic pressure.

UN-Mandated Buffer Zone

The UN Security Council could impose a demilitarized buffer zone, similar to past interventions in other conflicts. This would require peacekeepers and major global support. It’s an ideal solution—but highly unlikely without massive escalation first.

Likelihood: Low, unless civilian casualties rise dramatically.

Most Likely Path (for now):

Given current trends, the ASEAN-brokered ceasefire seems the most probable outcome. Both countries want to avoid a full war, but they also want to save face politically. A temporary truce would allow both sides to claim victory—without losing too much.

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11. Conclusion: A Clash of Sovereignty and Pride

This conflict between Thailand and Cambodia isn’t just about a stretch of land or an ancient temple. It’s about national identity, political pride, and deep-rooted history. The fighting near Preah Vihear Temple shows how historical disputes—if left unresolved—can still spark modern violence.

What makes this even more complex is that both nations believe they are right, both politically and emotionally. It’s not simply a boundary line—it’s a matter of dignity. And when pride mixes with politics, reason often gets left behind.

This is exactly why the region urgently needs diplomacy over firepower. ASEAN must step up its mediation efforts. The ICJ should be re-engaged to give a clear, legal ruling that both sides must agree to honor. And in the meantime, there must be a serious push for demilitarization to protect civilians and prevent further damage.

What’s unfolding in 2025 isn’t just a Thai-Cambodian issue—it’s a global lesson. Countries around the world still carry unresolved historical wounds. This conflict is a clear reminder: if we don’t confront the past with fairness and cooperation, the past will return—with rockets, bullets, and loss.